Alfalfa is one of the major forage crops grown primarily in the United States. It is a perennial plant with deep roots and is commonly used as feed for livestock and farm animals. However, one of the main challenges with alfalfa is its high demand for irrigation water. Despite this, the plant is capable of absorbing and utilizing all the water it receives through its root system—making drip irrigation one of the best irrigation methods for alfalfa cultivation.
Drip Irrigation for Alfalfa
Drip irrigation is one of three common irrigation methods used by farmers, alongside flood irrigation and center-pivot irrigation.
This technique supplies water from below the soil surface, helping increase yield without wasting water as often happens with flood irrigation.
Drip irrigation uses a special mechanism that allows farmers to precisely control the amount of water reaching the plant’s roots. This method ensures ideal soil moisture, promotes good aeration, and distributes water efficiently in the root zone. It also ensures that the soil receives essential nutrients, reducing fertilizer requirements for the farmer.
How Drip Irrigation Works for Alfalfa
Drip irrigation relies on perforated tubes that release small, controlled amounts of water. These tubes are installed 20–35 cm below the soil surface, positioned close to the plant’s roots. The lateral spacing between tubes generally ranges from 76 to 100 cm.
This method requires a complete system that includes:
- A filtration unit
- Pumps to deliver water through the tubes
- Pressure regulators
- Flow controllers
Research conducted in the United States has shown that using drip irrigation on alfalfa and other crops offers substantial benefits and significantly increases efficiency.
Benefits of Drip Irrigation
Here are the primary advantages of using drip irrigation for alfalfa:
1. Increased Yield
Studies and field trials show that drip-irrigated alfalfa can produce a higher yield compared to flood irrigation.
2. Efficient Water Use
Water is delivered precisely where needed—under the soil surface—allowing roots to absorb their full requirement.
3. Significant Water Conservation
One of the most widely recognized advantages of drip irrigation is saving large quantities of water.
4. Protects Plant Health
Unlike flood irrigation, which can cause root rot, drip irrigation provides water slowly and steadily, preventing fungal problems and ensuring healthy growth.
How to Plant Alfalfa
To plant alfalfa successfully, follow these key steps:
- Choose a sunny location with well-draining soil and a pH of 6.8–7.5.
- In cooler regions, plant alfalfa in spring, while in warmer climates, plant it in fall.
- Sow the seeds 2.5 cm deep, then lightly water the soil.
- Sprouting begins within 7–10 days.
- When seedlings reach 15–31 cm, thin them out to prevent overcrowding.
Caring for Alfalfa Plants
Here are essential tips for proper care:
- Alfalfa is drought-tolerant, so begin watering once seedlings emerge.
- The plant prefers potassium and calcium, so use a fertilizer rich in these nutrients.
- Avoid fertilizers high in nitrogen, as alfalfa naturally obtains nitrogen from the air.
- Alfalfa can be harvested 3–4 times per year. Perform the first harvest after flowering but before seed maturity. The plant will regrow for subsequent harvests.
